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Self-powered hydrogel sensors and their applications ZHOU Song, NING Hualong, CHEN Xiangyan, FENG Yujiao, XU Wenlong JOURNAL OF SHANDONG UNIVERSITY(NATURAL SCIENCE)    2025, 60 (10): 79-104.   DOI: 10.6040/j.issn.1671-9352.0.2025.087 Abstract （574）      PDF（pc） （11630KB）（118）       Save Self-powered hydrogel sensors integrate hydrogel material properties with energy capture technology, solving the bottlenecks of traditional sensors, such as poor comfort and biocompatibility, as well as bulky size and lack of range due to reliance on external power sources. With its high water content, tunable mechanical properties, self-adhesion and conductivity, the hydrogel seamlessly adheres to heterogeneous surfaces and captures sensing signals with sensitivity and precision. The self-powered mechanism can convert mechanical deformation, thermal, optical or biochemical energy into electrical energy, realizing energy supply and lightweight design of the device. Therefore, self-powered hydrogel sensors, which combine comfort, sensitivity and energy self-sufficiency, have significant potential applications in the fields of health monitoring, dynamic interaction and environment sensing. In this paper, we systematically summarize the classification, properties, and self-powered mechanism of polymer hydrogel materials, and introduce the application frontiers of self-powered hydrogel sensors, which will provide references for future device design and cross-field applications. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress on fabrication and application of self-healing superhydrophobic materials WANG Yutao, LIAN Yuechang, ZHAO Shengyuan, LIU Wendong JOURNAL OF SHANDONG UNIVERSITY(NATURAL SCIENCE)    2025, 60 (10): 59-78.   DOI: 10.6040/j.issn.1671-9352.0.2025.155 Abstract （518）      PDF（pc） （20350KB）（2533）       Save Superhydrophobic materials have been widely applied in anti-fouling, oil-water separation, and fluid manipulation due to their excellent liquid repellency. As a result of the synergistic effect between surface micro/nano structures and low surface energy substances, the surface wettability of superhydrophobic materials is highly susceptible to physical damage, UV irradiation, chemical corrosion, etc., which significantly limits their practical applications. Therefore, developing durable superhydrophobic materials is desirable. In the past decade, researchers have extended the service life of superhydrophobic materials by endowing them with self-healing properties, which not only enhances their practical performance but also broadens the application fields. In this review, an overview of the recent development of self-healing superhydrophobic materials focusing on fabrication strategies and possible applications is provided. Finally, an outlook on the future fabrication direction and application of self-healing superhydrophobic materials is presented. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Anti-freezing hydrogel flexible strain sensor for human motion detection YAN Xiangrui, ZHAO Rongrong, FANG Yuanyuan, DONG Rui, ZHAO Zengdian, SONG Shasha JOURNAL OF SHANDONG UNIVERSITY(NATURAL SCIENCE)    2025, 60 (10): 163-172.   DOI: 10.6040/j.issn.1671-9352.0.2025.114 Abstract （508）      PDF（pc） （14391KB）（201）       Save Conductive hydrogel have emerged as a promising candidate for the development of flexible sensors due to their highly compatible elastic modulus with human skin, distinct ionic conductivity, and mechanical flexibility. However, the high water content within hydrogels inevitably freeze at subzero temperature, causing a degradation or loss of functionality, which severely prevent their practical application. Herein, inspired by the antifreeze properties of natural organisms, an anti-freezing conductive hydrogel was fabricated by compositing and cross-linking multifunctional monomers(ACMO and AMPS)in phytic acid(PA)solution in the presence of collagen. The well-balanced combination of P(ACMO-co-AMPS)and collagen, along with dynamically revisable noncovalent interactions inside the hydrogel network, lead to significant enhancements in interfacial toughness, fatigue resistance, and self-adhesion. Profiting from the high conductivity and rapid response to strain, the hydrogel was assembled as strain sensor to precisely detect human activities with high strain sensitivity and wide strain range. Moreover, the strong hydrogen bonds between PA and water greatly reduced the freezing point of water, endowing hydrogel sensor with excellent frost resistance and allowing real-time detection human motion under extreme conditions. This research provides a general and scalable strategy for the development of anti-freezing conductive hydrogel flexible strain sensor to satisfy diverse wearable requirements. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Interfacial tension of biomolecular condensates LI Guangle, YAN Xuehai JOURNAL OF SHANDONG UNIVERSITY(NATURAL SCIENCE)    2025, 60 (10): 1-12.   DOI: 10.6040/j.issn.1671-9352.0.2025.251 Abstract （496）      PDF（pc） （8627KB）（274）       Save Biomolecular condensates, as membraneless organelles formed through liquid-liquid phase separation, play critical roles in cellular spatiotemporal organization and functional regulation. This review focuses on their interfacial tension, a core physicochemical parameter, and systematically elucidates its thermodynamic foundations, measurement methods, and regulatory mechanisms on condensate stability. Based on the Flory-Huggins model, it reveals the driving role of interfacial tension in condensate formation, coarsening, multiphase assembly, and interactions with cellular structures. Various in vitro and in situ measurement techniques, including optical tweezers-induced fusion, micropipette aspiration, and condensate shape analysis, are reviewed, along with comparisons of interfacial properties between biomolecular condensates and traditional oil-water systems. Additionally, recent advances in modulating interfacial tension to enhance condensate stability using intrinsically disordered protein as Pickering stabilizers and amphiphilic block copolymers are discussed. These studies not only deepen the understanding of the physicochemical mechanisms underlying cellular compartmentalization but also provide potential new strategies for treating diseases associated with aberrant phase separation, such as neurodegenerative disorders and cancers. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of SERS collaborative machine learning in biomedical detection CHEN Yunfan, WANG Yechen, WANG Long, AN Qi, FENG Zeguo JOURNAL OF SHANDONG UNIVERSITY(NATURAL SCIENCE)    2025, 60 (10): 23-41.   DOI: 10.6040/j.issn.1671-9352.0.2025.116 Abstract （471）      PDF（pc） （19510KB）（181）       Save Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy(SERS)enables highly sensitive and specific label-free detection by capturing the vibrational signatures of molecular chemical bonds. It offers significant advantages and broad application potential in the analysis of biological samples. However, its clinical translation remains limited due to challenges such as spectral complexity, variability, limited reproducibility, and overlapping characteristic peaks. Machine learning(ML), which allows computational models to learn patterns from data and make informed predictions or decisions, has shown great promise in deciphering complex SERS spectra and advancing their biomedical applications. This review highlights recent advances in the integration of ML with SERS, detailing how ML algorithms enhanced analytical performance. It also outlines common data preprocessing techniques for SERS, describes core ML workflows, and examines their roles in classification, quantitative analysis, and disease diagnosis. Furthermore, the review explores emerging applications such as molecular structure prediction, Raman spectral database development, and discrimination between DNA and RNA. Finally, the current challenges and future directions of ML-assisted SERS are discussed, with an emphasis on improving robustness, interpretability, and clinical applicability. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of coagulation/flocculation technology in oilfield wastewater treatment WANG Hongbo, ZHANG Juan, YANG Zihao, ZHANG Fengfan, XU Kunyu, LIN Meiqin, DONG Zhaoxia JOURNAL OF SHANDONG UNIVERSITY(NATURAL SCIENCE)    2025, 60 (10): 42-58.   DOI: 10.6040/j.issn.1671-9352.0.2025.124 Abstract （426）      PDF（pc） （4683KB）（116）       Save Petroleum is one of the irreplaceable energy resources worldwide. During its extraction, processing, and transport, high volumes of oily wastewater are inevitably generated. Oily wastewater is characterized by complex composition and large treatment volumes, which will endanger the ecological environment and human health if not treated properly. Consequently, how to efficiently treat oily wastewater has become an urgent problem in the petroleum industry. Currently, coagulation/flocculation, as a kind of oilfield wastewater treatment technology, has received extensive attention from researchers because of its relative maturity, high efficiency, economy, and environmental protection. This review comprehensively examines the application of coagulation/flocculation technology in oilfield wastewater treatment. Initially, considering the complex composition and treatment difficulty of oily wastewater, we systematically compare various coagulants/flocculants used in oily wastewater treatment, including inorganic coagulants, organic flocculants, and composite coagulants/flocculants. Particularly, it emphasizes the influence of their molecular structures on oil removal performance. Furthermore, we thoroughly discuss key operational factors affecting treatment efficiency, such as dosage, pH, and temperature. The review also summarizes the distinct coagulation/flocculation mechanisms employed by different agents in oily wastewater treatment. By providing a theoretical foundation for the selection of coagulants/flocculants in oily wastewater treatment, this review aims to offer practical guidance for field applications and propose viable directions for future research. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Preparation of silk fibroin enhanced peptide self-assembled hydrogel and its application in the construction of tumor organoids LIU Xinyi, LI Jieling, WANG Anhe, LI Qi, BAI Shuo JOURNAL OF SHANDONG UNIVERSITY(NATURAL SCIENCE)    2025, 60 (10): 117-126.   DOI: 10.6040/j.issn.1671-9352.0.2025.167 Abstract （420）      PDF（pc） （14742KB）（363）       Save Cancer is a major disease threatening human health. Traditional tumor research models such as cell lines and animal models have significant limitations, making the development of new research models an urgent need. Tumor organoid technology can accurately simulate tumor characteristics, but it relies on Matrigel with complex components, resulting in poor stability and reproducibility of the model. Peptide self-assembled hydrogels have become ideal alternatives to Matrigel due to their advantages such as good biocompatibility, clear components, and the ability to mimic the microstructures of natural extracellular matrices. However, their mechanical properties and biological stability are weak, making it difficult to meet the long-term culture requirements of organoids. This work innovatively introduced silk fibroin into the peptide self-assembled hydrogel system to optimize its performance and meet the matrix property requirements for organoid culture. Silk fibroin doping could enhance the interactions between short peptide molecules, improve the mechanical strength and biological stability of the hydrogel, and did not damage its biomimetic nanofibrous microstructure. Using this hydrogel to culture glioma organoids could form hundred-micron-level organoids within one week, and the cell viability within the organoids was as high as 90%. This study provided a new solution to the matrix material problem in traditional tumor organoid culture, was expected to improve the quality and stability of tumor organoid culture, and provided a more reliable model for tumor research and precision medicine. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Construction, mechanism and strain sensing application of low-molecular-weight supramolecular-polymer double-network eutectogels YANG Junkang, WANG Longfei, SONG Ziyu, ZHANG Tao, WU Wenna JOURNAL OF SHANDONG UNIVERSITY(NATURAL SCIENCE)    2025, 60 (10): 173-180.   DOI: 10.6040/j.issn.1671-9352.0.2025.105 Abstract （411）      PDF（pc） （9176KB）（204）       Save Eutectogels as a novel material that can replace traditional temperature-sensitive hydrogels and expensive ionic liquid gels, have attracted significant attention in the construction of flexible electronic devices. Currently, eutectogels prepared by polymer crosslinking or low-molecular-weight gelators suffer from the limited stretchability and low conductivity. Herein, we successfully constructed a supramolecular-polymer double-network(SP-DN)eutectogel by introducing a low-molecular-weight supramolecular network(sodium taurodeoxycholate, NaTDC)into the covalent polymer network(2-hydroxyethyl acrylate, HEA). Due to the unique energy dissipation mechanism of the supramolecular-polymer double network, the tensile performance of the eutectogel was significantly enhanced. Under the optimal preparation conditions, the double-network eutectogel exhibited a fracture elongation of up to 650% and a fracture tensile strength of 0.37 MPa. Benefiting from the advantages of the supramolecular gelator and DES(deep eutectic solvent), the eutectogel exhibited excellent conductivity over a wide temperature range(60-100 ℃), and showed high sensing sensitivity(gauge factor, GF=0.01)and stability within different strain ranges. They are expected to be further applied in wearable strain sensors. This design strategy provides a reference for the development of other novel flexible conductive materials. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Double emulsion gels stabilized by surfactants and nanoparticles JIANG Xiaoqian, SUN Xiuping, SONG Aixin JOURNAL OF SHANDONG UNIVERSITY(NATURAL SCIENCE)    2025, 60 (10): 141-149.   DOI: 10.6040/j.issn.1671-9352.0.2025.062 Abstract （411）      PDF（pc） （11350KB）（139）       Save In order to obtain the stable emulsion structures to further improve the performance in encapsulation and transport for active substances, a water-in-oil-in-water(W1/O/W2)type double emulsion was successfully constructed by a two-step emulsification method, and the emulsion gel was obtained through a gelation process. The polyglycerol polyricinoleate(PGPR)and silica nanoparticles modified with hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide(CTAB)were respectively used as stabilizers for W1/O and O/W2 emulsions, andoctyl and decyl glycerate(ODO)was used as the oil phase. The effect of emulsifier dosage and oil-water ratio on the emulsion type, droplet microstructure and emulsion stability were investigated to obtain the optimal conditions for preparing stable W1/O and O/W2 emulsions.On this basis, the W1/O emulsion from single-step emulsification was used as the dispersed phase with W2 as the continuous phase for the preparation of stable water-in-oil-in-water(W1/O/W2)double emulsions.The emulsion gels with excellent stability were obtained by introducing Gellan gum(GG)into the outer water phase, with no observed microstructural change after kept for 60 days at room temperature. In this study, the stable double emulsion gel system formed by gelation of the external aqueous phasewere hopefully helpful for the applications in encapsulation and release of active substances using emulsions as carriers. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Synthesis and application of biosurfactants HAN Xinxin, LI Mengqi, ZHANG Peiyu, CUI Jiwei JOURNAL OF SHANDONG UNIVERSITY(NATURAL SCIENCE)    2025, 60 (10): 13-22.   DOI: 10.6040/j.issn.1671-9352.0.2025.168 Abstract （340）      PDF（pc） （5131KB）（268）       Save In the intersection of chemistry and biotechnology, biosurfactants have emerged as key candidates to replace traditional chemical surfactants due to their inherent advantages, including biodegradability, low toxicity and environmental friendliness. Derived from microorganisms, plants, and animals, these natural molecules possess unique structural characteristics that confer superior physicochemical properties. This paper systematically reviews the classification of biosurfactants and focuses on a comparative analysis of their manufacturing processes. Furthermore, integrating recent research advances, it discusses the application prospects of biosurfactants in fields such as petroleum extraction, food and medicine, and environmental remediation. The insights presented herein aims to provide a theoretical foundation for advancing biosurfactant technology innovation. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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pH-responsive mechanism of cuttlefish melanin nanospheres and their effect on photoprotection of hair scales ZHU Yuanyu, ZHAO Hongde, ZHAO Zhiqing, WANG Xinhao, WANG Jiqian, WANG Dong JOURNAL OF SHANDONG UNIVERSITY(NATURAL SCIENCE)    2025, 60 (10): 127-140.   DOI: 10.6040/j.issn.1671-9352.0.2025.109 Abstract （302）      PDF（pc） （25149KB）（132）       Save The inherent structural heterogeneity and pronounced insolubility of natural cuttlefish melanin, a biomacromolecule, pose critical bottlenecks in material characterization and functional regulation, severely limiting its advanced applications in cosmetics. To overcome these technical limitations, this study innovatively employed a pH-modulated structural remodeling strategy to systematically elucidate the structure-function relationships governing its solubility evolution and functional enhancement. Multi-scale structural analyzed(SEM/TEM)reveal that alkaline treatment induced a phase transition from native compact spherical particles(neutral pH)to fibrous-amorphous composited with elevated surface activity. This structural reconfiguration enhanced aqueous solubility and interfacial binding capacity compared to native melanin. Using human hair fibers as a photodamage protection model, FT-IR spectroscopy confirmed stable keratin-melanin complex formation through reconstructed hydrogen-bond networks following alkaline treatment. UV-Vis spectroscopy demonstrated an improvement in UVA/UVB absorption efficiency(280-400 nm wavelength range). Notably, confocal microscopy revealed that modified melanin forms continuous photoprotective films within cuticle interstices, achieved lower UV reflectivity compared to the discrete distribution pattern of native melanin. This research established a dual theoretical-technical framework for developing marine biomass-derived advanced photoprotective cosmeceuticals, offering insights into biomacromolecule functionalization through supramolecular restructuring. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Surface tension and adsorption behavior of liquid homogeneous mixtures MA Wenchao, DU Na, HOU Wanguo JOURNAL OF SHANDONG UNIVERSITY(NATURAL SCIENCE)    2025, 60 (10): 105-116.   DOI: 10.6040/j.issn.1671-9352.0.2025.140 Abstract （290）      PDF（pc） （6641KB）（561）       Save The surface tension and adsorption of liquid mixtures have been widely studied, but there is still a lack of universal thermodynamic prediction models. Recently, we proposed a predictive model, called the “surface aggregation adsorption(SAA)” model, which has two parameters with definite physical meaning, i.e., the adsorption equilibrium constant(K)and the average surface aggregation number(n). The SAA model can predict the surface tension and composition of multicomponent liquid mixtures using the model parameters of corresponding binary systems. However, its applicability needs to be examined, especially for the systems with four or more components. In the current work, the surface tensions of ternary, quaternary, and quinary mixtures composed of iso-propanol(iPrOH), water, n-decane(DA), ethanol(EtOH), and n-butanol(nBuOH)were determined under different bulk compositions. A good agreement between the model prediction and experimental results was observed, confirming the rationality and universality of the SAA model. Based on the SAA model, the surface adsorption behavior of liquid mixtures was investigated. For a given liquid mixture, adding another liquid will weaken the relative adsorption tendency of the component with the highest n value in the original system, while enhance that of the component with the lowest n value. This work has deepened our understanding of the surface adsorption behavior of liquid mixtures. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Preparation of metal-coordinated sugar-based surfactant ionogels as epidermal electrodes SU Yuanteng, WANG Jiayi, LI Ruijing, LI Minglu, HUANG Shengdi, GUO Menglu, WANG Xiaolin JOURNAL OF SHANDONG UNIVERSITY(NATURAL SCIENCE)    2025, 60 (10): 150-162.   DOI: 10.6040/j.issn.1671-9352.0.2025.121 Abstract （237）      PDF（pc） （14478KB）（165）       Save The method of surfactant self-assembly to construct supramolecular gel materials is an important way to obtain functional soft matter materials. Driven mainly by the metal coordination of zinc ions, supplemented by other intermolecular non-covalent interactions such as hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic solvents, an anionic glycosylated surfactant self-assembled in a protic ionic liquid of ethylammonium nitrate(EAN)to form a fibrous three-dimensional network structure. The formation mechanism, microscopic morphology and macroscopic properties of ionogels were deeply explored. It was confirmed that the ionogels, as epidermal electrodes, possessed the ability to monitor human electrophysiological signals with high quality, which expanding the application scope of supramolecular gel materials. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Based on multi-scale feature fusion and improved attention for rusty bolt and nut detection JOURNAL OF SHANDONG UNIVERSITY(NATURAL SCIENCE)    2026, 61 (1): 1-14.   DOI: 10.6040/j.issn.1671-9352.5.2025.067 Abstract （224）      PDF（pc） （14459KB）（128）       Save To address the detection challenges associated with bolts and nuts in transmission line inspections—such as small object sizes, large quantities, and complex background occlusions,the method of bolt-nut detection Transformer(BN-DETR)incorporating a multi-scale feature fusion mechanism and enhanced attention mechanisms is proposed. A feature extraction module is constructed utilizing the cross-stage partial darknet(CSPDarknet)as the backbone, which efficiently aggregates multi-scale features through the integration of local perception, global attention mechanisms, and multi-layer perceptron. Scale-wise feature interaction module based on improved attention is designed to dynamically select key sampling points, thereby reducing computational complexity while preserving global information exchange. A multi-level attention fusion mechanism encompassing global, local, and pixel-level attention are introduced to augment feature representation. Experimental results demonstrate that, on a self-constructed dataset of corroded bolts in transmission lines, BN-DETR achieves 3% improvement in the @50 metric relative to the baseline algorithm. The proposed method offers an effective technical reference for the detection of small defects in power infrastructure. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of the prediction model based on deep neural networks for mortality risk prediction for sepsis patients in intensive care units YU Lei, SUN Yi, HUA Jinming, LI Laquan JOURNAL OF SHANDONG UNIVERSITY(NATURAL SCIENCE)    2026, 61 (1): 26-35.   DOI: 10.6040/j.issn.1671-9352.8.2024.009 Abstract （196）      PDF（pc） （783KB）（58）       Save A deep neural network(DNN)model is proposed by integrating variable selection networks(VSN)and gated residual networks(GRN)to predict the 30-day mortality risk of sepsis patients in the intensive care unit(ICU)and to conduct an in-depth interpretability analysis. In the critical care medical database, 43 significant features are selected using a random forest algorithm, and the proposed model is employed to evaluate mortality risk. The remove and retrain(ROAR)method is utilized to determine the optimal interpretability approach for explaining the results. Testing outcomes indicate that the proposed model outperforms other machine learning models, achieving an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve(AUROC)of 0.967. In the ROAR analysis, the AUROC of the layer-wise relevance propagation(LRP)method decreases from 0.967 to 0.828. Through interpretability analysis of the proposed model using LRP, the Charlson comorbidity score is identified as the most critical feature. In contrast, the organ failure score, age, and respiratory rate also have a pronounced impact on the mortality risk of ICU sepsis patients. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Lightweight water surface small object detection model with multi-scale attention mechanism and improved feature fusion ZHONG Shang, MA Li, LIU Wenzhe, LI Yuhao JOURNAL OF SHANDONG UNIVERSITY(NATURAL SCIENCE)    2026, 61 (1): 15-25.   DOI: 10.6040/j.issn.1671-9352.8.2024.013 Abstract （189）      PDF（pc） （9023KB）（93）       Save In complex water surface scenarios, addressing the issues of low detection accuracy, high missed detection rates, and limited computational resources for small target detection, this paper proposes a lightweight water surface small object detection model with multi-scale attention mechanism and improved feature fusion. Based on centerness theory, a new backbone network is designed, leveraging the multi-scale attention mechanism to enhance the models feature extraction capabilities. Partial convolution is used to improve the neck network by reducing feature map redundancy, effectively lowering the models computational load. A large separable kernel attention module is employed to improve the spatial pyramid pooling module, enhancing the models feature fusion ability. Experimental results demonstrate that, compared to other models, the proposed model achieves higher detection accuracy, lower missed detection rates, and fewer parameters. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Fuzzy mathematical morphology edge detection method derived from general overlap functions JOURNAL OF SHANDONG UNIVERSITY(NATURAL SCIENCE)    2026, 61 (1): 36-48.   DOI: 10.6040/j.issn.1671-9352.0.2025.088 Abstract （165）      PDF（pc） （12891KB）（101）       Save Two types of fuzzy mathematical morphology operators are constructed based on the general overlap function, and the corresponding fuzzy mathematical morphological edge detection methods are proposed, which are successfully applied to image edge extraction. Based on the general overlap functions and their corresponding residuated implications, two types of fuzzy mathematical morphological operators, including fuzzy erosion and fuzzy dilation, are constructed, respectively, and their related algebraic properties are studied. A new fuzzy mathematical morphological edge detection method is proposed by combining the fuzzy clustering method with the fuzzy erosion and fuzzy dilation. This edge detection method is wider than that of the edge detection method of the triangular norms and the classical conjuction, and the experimental results show that the noise introduction rate can be effectively reduced under the premise of extracting the edge of the complete image as much as possible. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Three-way K-means algorithm combining the bat algorithm and the improved compactness SUN Qing, YE Jun, ZENG Guangcai, SONG Suyang, WANG Yixin JOURNAL OF SHANDONG UNIVERSITY(NATURAL SCIENCE)    2026, 61 (1): 65-75.   DOI: 10.6040/j.issn.1671-9352.0.2024.353 Abstract （150）      PDF（pc） （3197KB）（62）       Save The three way K-means algorithm is improved by integrating the bat algorithm with closeness degree optimization. The bat algorithm is optimized by employing the golden section coefficient and population average position. The optimized bat algorithm searches for initial cluster centers which improving the stability of the three way K-means algorithm. Additionally, the threshold for core and boundary regions is determined based on closeness degree, which reduces the number of boundary samples and enhances the accuracy of the three way K-means algorithm. Comparative experiments is conducted on nine datasets against six clustering algorithms. It is shown that the proposed method improves clustering performance and is confirming its effectiveness and practical utility. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Gray-vlsekriterijumska optimizacija i kompromisno resenje method based on subtraction and division operators in T-spherical fuzzy environment DENG Shihai, ZHENG Tingting, LAI Longxiang JOURNAL OF SHANDONG UNIVERSITY(NATURAL SCIENCE)    2026, 61 (1): 103-115.   DOI: 10.6040/j.issn.1671-9352.0.2024.429 Abstract （147）      PDF（pc） （573KB）（41）       Save The subtraction and division operators for T-spherical fuzzy numbers are proposed, and the properties of these subtraction and division operators for T-spherical fuzzy numbers are discussed. A grey relational analysis method based on T-spherical fuzzy subtraction and division operators is introduced. This method is then integrated with the vlsekriterijumska optimizacija i kompromisno resenje(VIKOR)method to prevent the loss of T-spherical fuzzy information during calculations. Additionally, a novel score function is employed to refine the comparison mechanism for T-spherical fuzzy numbers. The validity and superiority of the proposed grey-VIKOR method, grounded in T-spherical fuzzy subtraction and division operators, are demonstrated through illustrative examples and comparative experiments. This approach provides a novel and effective methodology for addressing multi-attribute decision-making problems in T-spherical fuzzy environments. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Fuzzy rough c-means based on the knowledge measure JOURNAL OF SHANDONG UNIVERSITY(NATURAL SCIENCE)    2026, 61 (1): 49-64.   DOI: 10.6040/j.issn.1671-9352.4.2025.004 Abstract （145）      PDF（pc） （6586KB）（81）       Save A knowledge-based fuzzy rough c-means clustering method(KFRCM)is introduced. Traditional clustering methods have limitations in handling data with fuzzy boundaries, which are sensitive to the initial cluster centers, and exhibit low efficiency in high-dimensional spaces. To address these issues, the KFRCM is proposed. a feature-weighted knowledge measure is incorporated, fuzzy membership functions are integrated with rough set approximation operators, and Gaussian kernel similarity is utilized to enhance boundary characterization. Experimental results on 14 datasets demonstrate that the proposed KFRCM algorithm outperforms 6 mainstream clustering algorithms in terms of accuracy, stability, and computational efficiency. This study is recognized as the first integration of knowledge measurement with fuzzy rough clustering, offering a new perspective and an advanced algorithmic framework for developing more reliable and adaptable clustering techniques. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Hybrid mutation based gray wolf optimization algorithm for berth-quay crane scheduling YANG Yu, SUN Shengbo, XU Zirui, JIANG Xiaowei, SONG Qiang, DAI Hongwei JOURNAL OF SHANDONG UNIVERSITY(NATURAL SCIENCE)    2026, 61 (1): 94-102.   DOI: 10.6040/j.issn.1671-9352.1.2024.752 Abstract （144）      PDF（pc） （3811KB）（49）       Save In order to address the issues of slow convergence speed and susceptibility to local optimality in the gray wolf optimizer(GWO)algorithm, a hybrid mutation gray wolf optimizer(HMGWO)algorithm is proposed. This new algorithm is based on hybrid mutation and utilizes the Tent chaotic mapping strategy. The population is initialized, and an adaptive convergence factor strategy is incorporated to maintain search diversity. Additionally, the algorithm introduces the Gaussian-Cauchy hybrid mutation strategy to enhance performance. Six benchmark test functions are utilized for simulation experiments, evaluating the HMGWO algorithms optimization capability and convergence. The HMGWO algorithm was applied to the discrete berth-quay crane scheduling problem. After one thousand iterations in experiments, the HMGWO algorithm spent the shortest time for ships in port. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Precise morphological recognition with zonal micro-direction for termites ZOU Zheng, LEI Yusheng, LIU Shijian, WANG Dingyi, QIU Xuewei, SHI Wenwen, ZHOU Xiaotong JOURNAL OF SHANDONG UNIVERSITY(NATURAL SCIENCE)    2026, 61 (1): 76-84.   DOI: 10.6040/j.issn.1671-9352.5.2025.118 Abstract （142）      PDF（pc） （6861KB）（46）       Save The partition-based approach is used in the paper to refine the target by indirectly enhancing the salience of morphological differences. Rotational moment-based representation is provided more directional information, and a multi-layer local spatial perception module is incorporated to directly associate direction with features. Furthermore, a dual-branch spatial pyramid module is introduced to enhance the reuse of shallow features and improve computational efficiency. In our experiments, the rotational object detection method, the key point detection method, and the proposed method are compared, and it is demonstrated that our method achieves better accuracy and robustness in extracting the direction and position of small targets under higher interference. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Stability analysis of recurrent neural network systems with three delays CHEN Zijie, ZHAO Dongxia, WANG Yiyan JOURNAL OF SHANDONG UNIVERSITY(NATURAL SCIENCE)    2026, 61 (2): 43-49.   DOI: 10.6040/j.issn.1671-9352.0.2024.352 Abstract （133）      PDF（pc） （728KB）（29）       Save The paper investigates the stability of a recursive neural network model composed of three neurons with three delays. Initially, the system is linearized around its equilibrium point, and the characteristic equation, which contains two exponential terms, is derived. Subsequently, the critical conditions for stability switch are discussed by zero-point distribution properties of exponential polynomials and methods of eigenvalue analysis. Finally, the sufficient conditions are given to ensure the system stable, and the critical values of time-delay are deduced. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Fuzzy rough set model based on type-2 fuzzy preorders ZHANG Guangxu, YAO Wei JOURNAL OF SHANDONG UNIVERSITY(NATURAL SCIENCE)    2026, 61 (1): 85-93.   DOI: 10.6040/j.issn.1671-9352.0.2024.035 Abstract （123）      PDF（pc） （411KB）（85）       Save Based on the fundamental structure of type-2 fuzzy preorders, fuzzy rough sets are investigated, and a pair of fuzzy upper and lower approximation operators are defined. Furthermore, their properties and interrelations are explored. It is shown that upper definable sets and lower definable sets are equivalent. Definable sets form a stratified Alexandrov fuzzy topology such that the upper and lower approximation operators are the related closure and interior operators respectively. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Type-2 hesitant q-rung triangular uncertain linguistic Schweizer-Sklar-Muirhead operators LÜ Xiaofan, YUAN Xiujiu, LI Jingtai, ZHAO Xuejun JOURNAL OF SHANDONG UNIVERSITY(NATURAL SCIENCE)    2026, 61 (1): 116-126.   DOI: 10.6040/j.issn.1671-9352.0.2024.108 Abstract （119）      PDF（pc） （516KB）（74）       Save In order to describe the multi-layer hesitation of decision-makers in multi-attribute decision-making problems, the type-2 hesitant q-rung triangular uncertain linguistic set is defined by combining hesitant fuzzy set, q-rung triangular hesitant fuzzy set and q-rung hesitant fuzzy uncertain linguistic set. Based on the Schweizer-Sklar norm, the operation laws and properties of the type-2 hesitant q-rung triangular uncertain linguistic fuzzy elements are discussed. In addition, in order to better handle the practical problem with interrelated evaluation attributes, the Muirhead mean operator is extended to the type-2 hesitant q-rung triangular uncertain linguistic set, and the type-2 hesitant q-rung triangular uncertain linguistic Schweizer-Sklar-Muirhead mean operator and its weighted form are proposed. Moreover, the calculation formulae of the operators are given and their properties are discussed. Finally, a multi-attribute decision-making problem model based on the type-2 q-rung hesitant triangular fuzzy uncertain linguistic weighted Muirhead mean operator is established and further analyzed by a numerical example. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Combination solution method for stochastic differential equations with Poisson jumps DUAN Yingpeng, HU Lin JOURNAL OF SHANDONG UNIVERSITY(NATURAL SCIENCE)    2026, 61 (4): 123-132.   DOI: 10.6040/j.issn.1671-9352.0.2024.122 Abstract （106）         PDF（mobile） （1218KB）（7）    Save For stochastic differential equations containing only one random term(Poisson term), the Poisson-type Itô formula is given. The existence and uniqueness conditions for the solution of stochastic differential equations containing only Poisson terms are obtained. The boundedness and convergence of the compensated θ method on such equations are proved. For general stochastic differential equations with Poisson jumps, a new combined solution method is established. This combined solution method can help obtain analytical and numerical solutions for some stochastic differential equations with Poisson jumps, and can also be used to correct numerical solutions and improve the convergence of numerical solutions. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Weak solutions and concentration of sublinear Schrödinger-Poisson system CHENG Rong, WANG Jinshui JOURNAL OF SHANDONG UNIVERSITY(NATURAL SCIENCE)    2026, 61 (4): 117-122.   DOI: 10.6040/j.issn.1671-9352.0.2024.112 Abstract （78）      PDF（pc） （679KB）（45）       Save A class of sublinear Schrödinger-Poisson system with more general form is studied by using variational method. The existence of non-trivial weak solutions and the concentration of the weak solution sequence for such Schrödinger-Poisson systems are obtained under weaker conditions. The results generalize established conclusions. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of topology neighborhood bases in density clustering algorithm ZHANG Xiaoyuan, TIAN Yi, REN Zihan, DUAN Tianyu, YANG Siyuan, ZHANG Yuexuan JOURNAL OF SHANDONG UNIVERSITY(NATURAL SCIENCE)    2026, 61 (5): 55-64.   DOI: 10.6040/j.issn.1671-9352.8.2024.026 Abstract （53）      PDF（pc） （550KB）（22）       Save Closure, cluster point and neighborhood base in topology are applied to density-based clustering problems. Matrix computation method for density clustering algorithm is proposed, and an example is given to illustrate how to use matrix multiplication to cluster a data set with density clustering algorithm. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics