JOURNAL OF SHANDONG UNIVERSITY(NATURAL SCIENCE) ›› 2021, Vol. 56 ›› Issue (10): 79-98.doi: 10.6040/j.issn.1671-9352.9.2021.006

Previous Articles     Next Articles

Strategies for boosting the catalytic performance of palladium-based electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction

YANG Jun1,2,3*, LIU Dan-ye1,2, ZENG Qing1,2, CHEN Dong1,3, LIU Hui1,3   

  1. 1. State Key Laboratory of Multi-phase Complex System, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China;
    2. School of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China;
    3. Nanjing IPE Institute of Green Manufacturing Industry, Nanjing 211100, Jiangsu, China
  • Online:2021-10-20 Published:2021-09-28

Abstract: Oxygen reduction reaction is the key reaction of many electrochemical devices and technologies, and massive and increasing efforts have been devoted to develop more efficient ORR electrocatalysts in recent decades. Owing to its analogous physical properties to Pt, e.g. phase structure, atomic size and electronic configuration as well as its higher abundance in earth, palladium(Pd)-based nanomaterials, which have been regarded as good substitutes for platinum(Pt), have been extensively studied and their electrocatalytic performance for ORR is continuously improved. Herein, we focus this review on the strategies developed in recent years for boosting the catalytic performance of Pd-based electrocatalysts for ORR, including substrate tailoring, morphological control and composition optimization. These strategies would alter the electronic coupling, ligand effect, lattice strain, and synergistic effect around the Pd atoms, equipping them favorable features for catalyzing oxygen reduction. In the final section of this review, we put forth some perspectives/challenges for further development of Pd-based electrocatalysts, which might be helpful for designing and fabrication of high-efficiency ORR catalysts.

Key words: oxygen reduction reaction, Pd-based electrocatalyst, electrocatalysis, nanomaterial

CLC Number: 

  • TQ426.6
[1] WANG X, LI Z, QU Y, et al. Review of metal catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction: from nanoscale engineering to atomic design[J]. Chem, 2019, 5:1486-1511.
[2] SHAO M. Palladium-based electrocatalysts for hydrogen oxidation and oxygen reduction reactions[J]. J Power Sources, 2011, 196:2433-2444.
[3] VOUROS P, SUSNAR R, SHEPP A. Thin film silver electrodes for fuel cells[J]. Electrochem Technol(United States), 1968, 6:11-12.
[4] HOLZE R, VIELSTICH W. The kinetics of oxygen reduction at porous teflon-bonded fuel cell electrodes[J]. J Electrochem Soc, 1984, 131:2298.
[5] YANG C C. Preparation and characterization of electrochemical properties of air cathode effect of supporting materials on the electrocatalytic activity, stability and selectivity of noble metal-based catalysts for oxygen reduction and hydrogen evolution reactions electrode[J]. Int J Hydrogen Energy, 2004, 29:135-143.
[6] OTHMAN R, DICKS A L, ZHU Z. Non precious metal catalysts for the PEM fuel cell cathode[J]. Int J Hydrogen Energy, 2012, 37:357-372.
[7] WANG T, CHUTIA A, BRETT D J L, et al. Palladium alloys used as electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction[J]. Energ Environ Sci, 2021, 14:2639-2669.
[8] CHALGIN A, SONG C, TAO P, et al. Effect of supporting materials on the electrocatalytic activity, stability and selectivity of noble metal-based catalysts for oxygen reduction and hydrogen evolution reactions[J]. Progress in Natural Science: Materials International, 2020, 30:289-297.
[9] NAVEEN M H, HUANG Y, BISALERE KANTHARAJAPPA S, et al. Enhanced electrocatalytic activities of in situ produced Pd/S/N-Doped carbon in oxygen reduction and hydrogen evolution reactions[J]. ACS Appl Energy Mater, 2020, 4:575-585.
[10] KABIR S, SEROV A, ATANASSOV P. 3D-Graphene supports for palladium nanoparticles: effect of micro/macropores on oxygen electroreduction in anion exchange membrane fuel cells[J]. J Power Sources, 2018, 375:255-264.
[11] SAHOO L, MONDAL S, GLOSKOVSKII A, et al. Unravelling charge-transfer in Pd to pyrrolic-N bond for superior electrocatalytic performance[J]. J Mater Chem A, 2021, 9:10966-10978.
[12] CHEN D, XU L, LIU H, et al. Rough-surfaced bimetallic copper-palladium alloy multicubes as highly bifunctional electrocatalysts for formic acid oxidation and oxygen reduction[J]. Green Energy Environ, 2019, 4:254-263.
[13] POON K C, TAN D C, VO T D, et al. Newly developed stepwise electroless deposition enables a remarkably facile synthesis of highly active and stable amorphous Pd nanoparticle electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction[J]. J Am Chem Soc, 2014, 136(14):5217-5220.
[14] SAHOO L, GAUTAM U K. Boosting bifunctional oxygen reduction and methanol oxidation electrocatalytic activity with 2D superlattice-forming Pd nanocubes generated by precise acid etching[J]. ACS Appl Nano Mater, 2020, 3:8117-8125.
[15] ARROYO-RAMÍREZ L, RODRÍGUEZ D, OTAN(~overN)O W, et al. Palladium nanoshell catalysts synthesis on highly ordered pyrolytic graphite for oxygen reduction reaction[J]. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2012, 4:2018-2024.
[16] YU H, ZHOU T, WANG Z, et al. Defect-rich porous palladium metallene for enhanced alkaline oxygen reduction electrocatalysis[J]. Angew Chem(International Ed in English), 2021, 60(21):12027-12031.
[17] HUANG L, ZHENG X, GAO G, et al. Interfacial electron engineering of palladium and molybdenum carbide for highly efficient oxygen reduction[J]. J Am Chem Soc, 2021, 143(18):6933-6941.
[18] ERIKSON H, SARAPUU A, TAMMEVESKI K, et al. Enhanced electrocatalytic activity of cubic Pd nanoparticles towards the oxygen reduction reaction in acid media[J]. Electrochem Commun, 2011, 13:734-737.
[19] KIGUCHI F, NAKAMURA M, HOSHI N. Cation effects on ORR activity on low-index planes of Pd in alkaline solution[J]. Electrochemistry, 2021,89(2):192-196.
[20] ZUO Y, RAO D, LI S, et al. Atomic vacancies control of Pd-based catalysts for enhanced electrochemical performance[J]. Adv Mater, 2018, 30:1704171.
[21] ZHENG Y, ZHAO S, LIU S, et al. Component-controlled synthesis and assembly of Cu-Pd nanocrystals on graphene for oxygen reduction reaction[J]. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2015, 7:5347-5357.
[22] YIN H, LIU S, ZHANG C, et al. Well-coupled graphene and Pd-based bimetallic nanocrystals nanocomposites for electrocatalytic oxygen reduction reaction[J]. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2014, 6:2086-2094.
[23] LIU S, ZHANG Q, LI Y, et al. Five-fold twinned Pd2NiAg nanocrystals with increased surface Ni site availability to improve oxygen reduction activity[J]. J Am Chem Soc, 2015, 137:2820-2823.
[24] BAMPOS G, SYGELLOU L, BEBELIS S. Oxygen reduction reaction activity of Pd-based bimetallic electrocatalysts in alkaline medium[J]. Catal Today, 2020, 355:685-697.
[25] LU Y, JIANG Y, GAO X, et al. Strongly coupled Pd nanotetrahedron/tungsten oxide nanosheet hybrids with enhanced catalytic activity and stability as oxygen reduction electrocatalysts[J]. J Am Chem Soc, 2014, 136:11687-11697.
[26] HE C, TAO J, SHEN P K. Solid synthesis of ultrathin palladium and its alloys nanosheets on RGO with high catalytic activity for oxygen reduction reaction[J]. ACS Catal, 2018, 8:910-919.
[27] KOENIGSMANN C, SANTULLI A C, SUTTER E, et al. Ambient surfactantless synthesis, growth mechanism, and size-dependent electrocatalytic behavior of high-quality, single crystalline palladium nanowires[J]. ACS Nano, 2011, 5(9):7471-7487.
[28] WANG M, ZHANG W, WANG J, et al. PdNi hollow nanoparticles for improved electrocatalytic oxygen reduction in alkaline environments[J]. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2013, 5(23):12708-12715.
[29] SHAO M, ODELL J, HUMBERT M, et al. Electrocatalysis on shape-controlled palladium nanocrystals: oxygen reduction reaction and formic acid oxidation[J]. J Phys Chem C, 2013, 117:4172-4180.
[30] LIANG J, MA F, HWANG S, et al. Atomic arrangement engineering of metallic nanocrystals for energy-conversion electrocatalysis[J]. Joule, 2019, 3:956-991.
[31] ZHANG Y, HUANG B, LUO G, et al. Atomically deviated Pd-Te nanoplates boost methanol-tolerant fuel cells[J]. Sci Adv, 2020, 6(31):eaba9731.
[32] KUMAR S M S, HERRERO J S, IRUSTA S, et al. The effect of pretreatment of Vulcan XC-72R carbon on morphology and electrochemical oxygen reduction kinetics of supported Pd nano-particle in acidic electrolyte[J]. J Electroanal Chem, 2010, 647:211-221.
[33] LÜSI M, ERIKSON H, MERISALU M, et al. Electrochemical reduction of oxygen in alkaline solution on Pd/C catalysts prepared by electrodeposition on various carbon nanomaterials[J]. J Electroanal Chem, 2019, 834:223-232.
[34] ZHANG C, YU S, XIE Y, et al. Suppressing the Pd-C interaction through B-doping for highly efficient oxygen reduction[J]. Carbon, 2019, 149:370-379.
[35] HUANG S, LU S, HU H, et al. Hyper-dendritic PdZn nanocrystals as highly stable and efficient bifunctional electrocatalysts towards oxygen reduction and ethanol oxidation[J]. Chem Eng J, 2021, 420:130503.
[36] CHEN D, LI C, LIU H, et al. Core-shell Au@Pd nanoparticles with enhanced catalytic activity for oxygen reduction reaction via core-shell Au@Ag/Pd constructions[J]. Sci Rep, 2015, 5:11949.
[37] SEKOL R C, LI X, COHEN P, et al. Silver palladium core-shell electrocatalyst supported on MWNTs for ORR in alkaline media[J]. Appl Catal B: Environ, 2013, 138:285-293.
[38] SON J, CHO S, LEE C, et al. Spongelike nanoporous Pd and Pd/Au structures: facile synthesis and enhanced electrocatalytic activity[J]. Langmuir, 2014, 30(12):3579-3588.
[39] XU C, LIU Y, HAO Q, et al. Nanoporous PdNi alloys as highly active and methanol-tolerant electrocatalysts towards oxygen reduction reaction[J]. J Mater Chem A, 2013, 1(43):13542-13548.
[40] XIE Y, LI C, CASTILLO E, et al. Nanoporous Pd-Cu thin films as highly active and durable catalysts for oxygen reduction in alkaline media[J]. Electrochim Acta, 2021, 385:138306.
[41] LYU Z, ZHANG X G, WANG Y C, et al. Amplified interfacial effect in an atomically dispersed RuOx-on-Pd 2D inverse nanocatalyst for high-performance oxygen reduction[J]. Angew Chem(International Ed in English), 2021, 60:16093-16100.
[42] ZHENG J-N, LI S-S, MA X.Green synthesis of core-shell gold-palladium@palladium nanocrystals dispersed on graphene with enhanced catalytic activity toward oxygen reduction and methanol oxidation in alkaline media[J]. J Power Sources, 2014, 262:270-278.
[43] HAN B, XU C. Nanoporous PdFe alloy as highly active and durable electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction reaction[J]. Int J Hydrogen Energy, 2014, 39:18247-18255.
[44] GONG M, SHEN T, DENG Z, et al. Surface engineering of PdFe ordered intermetallics for efficient oxygen reduction electrocatalysis[J]. Chem Eng J, 2021, 408:127297.
[45] JIANG G, ZHU H, ZHANG X, et al. Core-shell face-centered tetragonal FePd/Pd nanoparticles as an efficient non-Pt catalyst for the oxygen reduction reaction[J]. ACS Nano, 2015, 9(11):11014-11022.
[46] SHAO M H, SASAKI K, ADZIC R R. Pd-Fe nanoparticles as electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction[J]. J Am Chem Soc, 2006, 128(11):3526-3527.
[47] ZHANG Z, LIU S, TIAN X, et al. Facile synthesis of N-doped porous carbon encapsulated bimetallic PdCo as a highly active and durable electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction and ethanol oxidation[J]. J Mater Chem A, 2017, 5:10876-10884.
[48] LI H C, ZHANG Y J, HU X, et al. Metal-organic framework templated Pd@PdO-Co3O4 nanocubes as an efficient bifunctional oxygen electrocatalyst[J]. Adv Energy Mater, 2018, 8:1702734.
[49] XU C, LIU Y, HAO Q, et al. Nanoporous PdNi alloys as highly active and methanol-tolerant electrocatalysts towards oxygen reduction reaction[J]. J Mater Chem A, 2013, 1:13542-13548.
[50] CHEN L, GUO H, FUJITA T, et al. Nanoporous PdNi bimetallic catalyst with enhanced electrocatalytic performances for electro-oxidation and oxygen reduction reactions[J]. Adv Funct Mater, 2011, 21:4364-4370.
[51] LIU H, KOENIGSMANN C, ADZIC R R, et al. Probing ultrathin one-dimensional Pd-Ni nanostructures as oxygen reduction reaction catalysts[J]. ACS Catal, 2014, 4:2544-2555.
[52] KARIUKI N N, WANG X, MAWDSLEY J R, et al. Colloidal synthesis and characterization of carbon-supported Pd-Cu nanoparticle oxygen reduction electrocatalysts[J]. Chem Mater, 2010, 22:4144-4152.
[53] CHEN D, SUN P, LIU H, et al. Bimetallic Cu-Pd alloy multipods and their highly electrocatalytic performance for formic acid oxidation and oxygen reduction[J]. J Mater Chem A, 2017, 5:4421-4429.
[54] TANG W, ZHANG L, HENKELMAN G. Catalytic activity of Pd/Cu random alloy nanoparticles for oxygen reduction[J]. J Phys Chem Lett, 2011, 2(11):1328-1331.
[55] JIANG K, WANG P, GUO S, et al. Ordered PdCu-based nanoparticles as bifunctional oxygen-reduction and ethanol-oxidation electrocatalysts[J]. Angew Chem(International Ed in English), 2016, 55(31):9030-9035.
[56] XIA Z, AN L, CHEN P, et al. Non-Pt nanostructured catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction: synthesis, catalytic activity and its key factors[J]. Adv Energy Mater, 2016, 6(17):1600458.
[57] SARKAR A, MURUGAN A V, MANTHIRAM A. Synthesis and characterization of nanostructured Pd-Mo electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction in fuel cells[J]. J Phys Chem C, 2008, 112:12037-12043.
[58] RAO C V, VISWANATHAN B. Carbon supported Pd-Co-Mo alloy as an alternative to Pt for oxygen reduction in direct ethanol fuel cells[J]. Electrochim Acta, 2010, 55:3002-3007.
[59] CHAO G, ZHANG L, TIAN J, et al. Pd-SnO2 heterojunction catalysts anchored on graphene sheets for enhanced oxygen reduction[J]. Compos Commun, 2021, 25:100703.
[60] FU G T, LIU Z Y, CHEN Y, et al. Synthesis and electrocatalytic activity of Au@Pd core-shell nanothorns for the oxygen reduction reaction[J]. Nano Res, 2014, 7(8):1205-1214.
[61] WANG D, LIU S, WANG J, et al. Spontaneous incorporation of gold in palladium-based ternary nanoparticles makes durable electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction[J]. Nat Commun, 2016, 7:11941.
[62] LV J J, LI S S, WANG A J, et al. Monodisperse Au-Pd bimetallic alloyed nanoparticles supported on reduced graphene oxide with enhanced electrocatalytic activity towards oxygen reduction reaction[J]. Electrochim Acta, 2014, 136:521-528.
[63] BETANCOURT L E, ROJAS-PEREZ A, OROZCO I, et al. Enhancing ORR performance of bimetallic PdAg electrocatalysts by designing interactions between Pd and Ag[J]. ACS Appl Energy Mater, 2020, 3:2342-2349.
[64] LUO W B, GAO X W, CHOU S L, et al. Porous AgPd-Pd composite nanotubes as highly efficient electrocatalysts for lithium-oxygen batteries[J]. Adv Mater, 2015, 27:6862-6869.
[65] SLANAC D A, HARDIN W G, JOHNSTON K P, et al. Atomic ensemble and electronic effects in Ag-rich AgPd nanoalloy catalysts for oxygen reduction in alkaline media[J]. J Am Chem Soc, 2012, 134(23):9812-9819.
[66] SNEED B T, BRODSKY C N, KUO C H, et al. Nanoscale-phase-separated Pd-Rh boxes synthesized via metal migration: an archetype for studying lattice strain and composition effects in electrocatalysis[J]. J Am Chem Soc, 2013, 135:14691-14700.
[67] YANG T, MA Y, HUANG Q, et al. Palladium-iridium nanowires for enhancement of electro-catalytic activity towards oxygen reduction reaction[J]. Electrochem Commun, 2015, 59:95-99.
[68] HAM H C, MANOGARAN D, LEE K H, et al. Communication: enhanced oxygen reduction reaction and its underlying mechanism in Pd-Ir-Co trimetallic alloys[J]. J Chem Phys, 2013, 139:201104.
[69] SEO M H, CHOI S M, SEO J K, et al. The graphene-supported palladium and palladium-yttrium nanoparticles for the oxygen reduction and ethanol oxidation reactions: experimental measurement and computational validation[J]. Appl Catal B: Environ, 2013, 129:163-171.
[70] LIU Q, KANG Q, WANG Z, et al. One-pot synthesis of mesoporous palladium/C nanodendrites as high-performance oxygen reduction eletrocatalysts through a facile dual surface protecting agent-assisted strategy[J]. Dalton T, 2021, 50(18):6297-6305.
[71] GUO R, ZHANG K, LIU Y, et al. Hydrothermal synthesis of palladium nitrides as robust multifunctional electrocatalysts for fuel cells[J]. J Mater Chem A, 2021, 9:6196-6204.
[72] XING S Q, HE M M, LV G, et al. Palladium phosphide nanoparticles embedded in 3D N, P co-doped carbon film for high-efficiency oxygen reduction[J]. J Mater Sci, 2021, 56(17):10523-10536.
[73] SALOMÉ S, OLIVEIRA M C, FERRARIA A M, et al. Synthesis and testing of new carbon-supported PdP catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction in polymer electrolyte fuel cells[J]. J Electroanal Chem, 2015, 754:8-21.
[74] WANG X, VARA M, LUO M, et al. Pd@Pt core-shell concave decahedra: a class of catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction with enhanced activity and durability[J]. J Am Chem Soc, 2015, 137(47):15036-15042.
[75] XIAO W, CORDEIRO M A L, GAO G, et al. Atomic rearrangement from disordered to ordered Pd-Fe nanocatalysts with trace amount of Pt decoration for efficient electrocatalysis[J]. Nano Energy, 2018, 50:70-78.
[76] PIRES F I, VILLULLAS H M. Pd-based catalysts: influence of the second metal on their stability and oxygen reduction activity[J]. Int J Hydrogen Energy, 2012, 37:17052-17059.
[77] NEERGAT M, GUNASEKAR V, RAHUL R. Carbon-supported Pd-Fe electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)and their methanol tolerance[J]. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 2011, 658:25-32.
[78] KANG Y S, CHOI K H, AHN D, et al. Effect of post heat-treatment of composition-controlled PdFe nanoparticles for oxygen reduction reaction[J]. J Power Sources, 2016, 303:234-242.
[79] MAITI K, BALAMURUGAN J, PEERA S G, et al. Highly active and durable core-shell fct-PdFe@Pd nanoparticles encapsulated NG as an efficient catalyst for oxygen reduction reaction[J]. ACS Appl Materials Interfaces, 2018, 10(22):18734-18745.
[80] SON D N, LE O K, CHIHAIA V, et al. Effects of Co content in Pd-skin/PdCo alloys for oxygen reduction reaction: density functional theory predictions[J]. J Phys Chem C, 2015, 119:24364-24372.
[81] WANG D, XIN H L, WANG H, et al. Facile synthesis of carbon-supported Pd-Co core-shell nanoparticles as oxygen reduction electrocatalysts and their enhanced activity and stability with monolayer Pt decoration[J]. Chem Mater, 2012, 24(12):2274-2281.
[82] LIU H, MANTHIRAM A. Controlled synthesis and characterization of carbon-supported Pd4Co nanoalloy electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction in fuel cells[J]. Energ Environ Science, 2009, 2:124-132.
[83] WEI Y C, LIU C W, LEE H W, et al. Synergistic effect of Co alloying and surface oxidation on oxygen reduction reaction performance for the Pd electrocatalysts[J]. Int J Hydrogen Energy, 2011, 36:3789-3802.
[84] ZHAO J, SARKAR A, MANTHIRAM A. Synthesis and characterization of Pd-Ni nanoalloy electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction in fuel cells[J]. Electrochimi Acta, 2010, 55:1756-1765.
[85] BHALOTHIA D, CHEN P C, YAN C, et al. Heterogeneous NiO2-to-Pd epitaxial structure performs outstanding oxygen reduction reaction activity[J]. J Phys Chem C, 2019, 124:2295-2306.
[86] FENG Y, SHAO Q, JI Y, et al. Surface-modulated palladium-nickel icosahedra as high-performance non-platinum oxygen reduction electrocatalysts[J]. Sci Adv, 2018, 4(7):eaap8817.
[87] MA M, ZHU W, SHAO Q, et al. Palladium-copper bimetallic nanoparticles loaded on carbon black for oxygen reduction and zinc-air batteries[J]. ACS Appl Nano Mater, 2021, 4(2):1478-1484.
[88] WU J, SHAN S, LUO J, et al. PdCu nanoalloy electrocatalysts in oxygen reduction reaction: role of composition and phase state in catalytic synergy[J]. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2015, 7(46):25906-25913.
[89] XIE H, CHEN S, LIANG J, et al. Weakening intermediate bindings on CuPd/Pd core/shell nanoparticles to achieve Pt-like bifunctional activity for hydrogen evolution and oxygen reduction reactions[J]. Adv Funct Mater, 2021,31:2100883.
[90] YU F, ZHOU W, BELLABARBA R M, et al. One-step synthesis and shape-control of CuPd nanowire networks[J]. Nanoscale, 2014, 6:1093-1098.
[91] ZHENG Y, ZHAO S, LIU S, et al. Component-controlled synthesis and assembly of Cu-Pd nanocrystals on graphene for oxygen reduction reaction[J]. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2015, 7(9):5347-5357.
[92] GUO J, GAO L, TAN X, et al. Template-directed rapid synthesis of Pd-based ultrathin porous intermetallic nanosheets for efficient oxygen reduction[J]. Angew Chem(International Ed in English), 2021, 60:10942-10949.
[93] TANG C, ZHANG N, JI Y, et al. Fully tensile strained Pd3Pb/Pd tetragonal nanosheets enhance oxygen reduction catalysis[J]. Nano Lett, 2019, 19(2):1336-1342.
[94] WANG Y, SUN D, WANG M, et al. Oxygen reduction electrocatalysis on ordered intermetallic Pd-Bi electrodes is enhanced by a low coverage of spectator species[J]. J Phys Chem C, 2020, 124:5220-5224.
[95] LI Z, LI J, JIANG K, et al. PdCoNi alloy nanoparticles decorated, nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes for highly active and durable oxygen reduction electrocatalysis[J]. Chem Eng J, 2021, 411:128527.
[96] WANG C, QU T, WANG D, et al. Synthesis of Co-Fe-Pd nanoparticles via ultrasonic irradiation and their electro-catalytic activity for oxygen reduction reaction[J]. Appl Catal A: Gen, 2018, 560:103-110.
[97] LI C, YUAN Q, NI B, et al. Dendritic defect-rich palladium-copper-cobalt nanoalloys as robust multifunctional non-platinum electrocatalysts for fuel cells[J]. Nat Commun, 2018, 9(1):3702.
[98] MONDAL S, RAJ C R. Electrochemical dealloying-assisted surface-engineered Pd-based bifunctional electrocatalyst for formic acid oxidation and oxygen reduction[J]. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2019, 11:14110-14119.
[99] BETANCOURT L E, ROJAS-PEREZ A, OROZCO I, et al. Enhancing ORR performance of bimetallic PdAg electrocatalysts by designing interactions between Pd and Ag[J]. ACS Appl Energy Mater, 2020, 3:2342-2349.
[100] SHIM J H, KIM J, LEE C, et al. Porous Pd layer-coated Au nanoparticles supported on carbon: synthesis and electrocatalytic activity for oxygen reduction in acid media[J]. Chem Mater, 2011, 23:4694-4700.
[101] QI Y, WU J, ZHANG H, et al. Facile synthesis of Rh-Pd alloy nanodendrites as highly active and durable electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction[J]. Nanoscale, 2014, 6(12):7012-7018.
[102] HUANG X, SHUMSKI A J, ZHANG X, et al. Systematic control of redox properties and oxygen reduction reactivity through colloidal ligand-exchange deposition of Pd on Au[J]. J Am Chem Soc, 2018, 140(28):8918-8923.
[103] CHEN D, LI J, CUI P, et al. Gold-catalyzed formation of core-shell gold-palladium nanoparticles with palladium shells up to three atomic layers[J]. J Mater Chem A, 2016, 4:3813-3821.
[104] ZAMORA ZELEDÓN J A, STEVENS M B, GUNASOORIYA G T K K, et al. Tuning the electronic structure of Ag-Pd alloys to enhance performance for alkaline oxygen reduction[J]. Nat Commun, 2021, 12(1):620.
[105] JIANG L, HSU A, CHU D, et al. A highly active Pd coated Ag electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction reactions in alkaline media[J]. Electrochim Acta, 2010, 55:4506-4511.
[106] CHAN C W, MAHADI A H, LI M M, et al. Interstitial modification of palladium nanoparticles with boron atoms as a green catalyst for selective hydrogenation[J]. Nat Commun, 2014, 5(1):1-10.
[107] YOO J S, ZHAO Z J, NØRSKOV J K, et al. Effect of boron modifications of palladium catalysts for the production of hydrogen from formic acid[J]. ACS Catal, 2015, 5:6579-6586.
[108] WANG J Y, KANG Y Y, YANG H, et al. Boron-doped palladium nanoparticles on carbon black as a superior catalyst for formic acid electro-oxidation[J]. J Phys Chem C, 2009, 113:8366-8372.
[109] LI J, CHEN J, WANG Q, et al. Controllable increase of boron content in B-Pd interstitial nanoalloy to boost the oxygen reduction activity of palladium[J]. Chem Mater, 2017, 29:10060-10067.
[1] Zhen-yu FENG,He-chun JIANG. Ball-milled CaCO3 nanoparticles for removal of Pb2+ in solution [J]. JOURNAL OF SHANDONG UNIVERSITY(NATURAL SCIENCE), 2019, 54(1): 19-25, 35.
[2] YANG Jun. Characterization and structural control of metalbased nanomaterials [J]. JOURNAL OF SHANDONG UNIVERSITY(NATURAL SCIENCE), 2013, 48(1): 1-22.
[3] DING Yi1,2. Nanoporous metals: a new class of nanostructured energy materials [J]. J4, 2011, 46(10): 121-133.
Viewed
Full text


Abstract

Cited

  Shared   
  Discussed   
[1] . Topological structure of graphbased networked evolutionary games[J]. JOURNAL OF SHANDONG UNIVERSITY(NATURAL SCIENCE), 2021, 56(10): 11 -22 .
[2] HU Pei-chu, WU Lin-lin. Topics in Fermat-type functional equations[J]. JOURNAL OF SHANDONG UNIVERSITY(NATURAL SCIENCE), 2021, 56(10): 23 -37 .
[3] CHEN Liang-yun, HOU Ying, MA Yao. Product and complex structures on Hom-Lie triple systems[J]. JOURNAL OF SHANDONG UNIVERSITY(NATURAL SCIENCE), 2021, 56(10): 48 -60 .
[4] XIE Shi-jie, GAO Teng, DU Meng-zhao, LIU Xuan. Photoelectric properties of organic chiral molecular devices[J]. JOURNAL OF SHANDONG UNIVERSITY(NATURAL SCIENCE), 2021, 56(10): 72 -78 .
[5] RUI Hong-xing, LONG Xin-yu. Two-grid mixed finite element method for incompressible Darcy-Forchheimer miscible displacement problems[J]. JOURNAL OF SHANDONG UNIVERSITY(NATURAL SCIENCE), 2021, 56(10): 38 -47 .
[6] XU Qiu-liang, JIANG Han, ZHAO Sheng-nan. Oblivious transfer protocols in secure multiparty computation[J]. JOURNAL OF SHANDONG UNIVERSITY(NATURAL SCIENCE), 2021, 56(10): 61 -71 .
[7] WU Zhen, WANG Guang-chen, LI Min. Maximum principle for optimal control of forward-backward stochastic system: full information and partial information[J]. JOURNAL OF SHANDONG UNIVERSITY(NATURAL SCIENCE), 2021, 56(10): 1 -10 .