《山东大学学报(理学版)》 ›› 2021, Vol. 56 ›› Issue (10): 79-98.doi: 10.6040/j.issn.1671-9352.9.2021.006
杨军1,2,3*,刘丹叶1,2,曾庆1,2,陈东1,3,刘卉1,3
YANG Jun1,2,3*, LIU Dan-ye1,2, ZENG Qing1,2, CHEN Dong1,3, LIU Hui1,3
摘要： 氧还原反应(ORR)是许多电化学相关技术的核心反应,许多研究致力于制备同时具备高活性、高稳定性和低成本的催化剂。Pd基纳米材料由于其相对较优的催化性能和相对丰富的储量,有望成为Pt的替代品,受到了广泛关注,但要达到商品化程度,其性能需进一步提高。本文以Pd基催化剂应用于ORR电催化为背景,综述了近年来Pd基催化剂ORR的性能提升策略。围绕载体调控、形貌结构调控以及组分调控共3个部分进行总结,这些调控会利用配体效应、应变效应、系综效应(ensemble effect)和载体效应等从本质上改变Pd的分布状态、空间排列和电子结构,从而影响ORR中间产物在Pd表面的吸附状态。最后,简要介绍了Pd基催化剂面临的挑战和未来的发展方向,对高性能ORR催化剂的设计制备具有重要意义。
中图分类号:
| [1] WANG X, LI Z, QU Y, et al. Review of metal catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction: from nanoscale engineering to atomic design[J]. Chem, 2019, 5:1486-1511. [2] SHAO M. Palladium-based electrocatalysts for hydrogen oxidation and oxygen reduction reactions[J]. J Power Sources, 2011, 196:2433-2444. [3] VOUROS P, SUSNAR R, SHEPP A. Thin film silver electrodes for fuel cells[J]. Electrochem Technol(United States), 1968, 6:11-12. [4] HOLZE R, VIELSTICH W. The kinetics of oxygen reduction at porous teflon-bonded fuel cell electrodes[J]. J Electrochem Soc, 1984, 131:2298. [5] YANG C C. Preparation and characterization of electrochemical properties of air cathode effect of supporting materials on the electrocatalytic activity, stability and selectivity of noble metal-based catalysts for oxygen reduction and hydrogen evolution reactions electrode[J]. Int J Hydrogen Energy, 2004, 29:135-143. [6] OTHMAN R, DICKS A L, ZHU Z. Non precious metal catalysts for the PEM fuel cell cathode[J]. Int J Hydrogen Energy, 2012, 37:357-372. [7] WANG T, CHUTIA A, BRETT D J L, et al. Palladium alloys used as electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction[J]. Energ Environ Sci, 2021, 14:2639-2669. [8] CHALGIN A, SONG C, TAO P, et al. Effect of supporting materials on the electrocatalytic activity, stability and selectivity of noble metal-based catalysts for oxygen reduction and hydrogen evolution reactions[J]. Progress in Natural Science: Materials International, 2020, 30:289-297. [9] NAVEEN M H, HUANG Y, BISALERE KANTHARAJAPPA S, et al. Enhanced electrocatalytic activities of in situ produced Pd/S/N-Doped carbon in oxygen reduction and hydrogen evolution reactions[J]. ACS Appl Energy Mater, 2020, 4:575-585. [10] KABIR S, SEROV A, ATANASSOV P. 3D-Graphene supports for palladium nanoparticles: effect of micro/macropores on oxygen electroreduction in anion exchange membrane fuel cells[J]. J Power Sources, 2018, 375:255-264. [11] SAHOO L, MONDAL S, GLOSKOVSKII A, et al. Unravelling charge-transfer in Pd to pyrrolic-N bond for superior electrocatalytic performance[J]. J Mater Chem A, 2021, 9:10966-10978. [12] CHEN D, XU L, LIU H, et al. Rough-surfaced bimetallic copper-palladium alloy multicubes as highly bifunctional electrocatalysts for formic acid oxidation and oxygen reduction[J]. Green Energy Environ, 2019, 4:254-263. [13] POON K C, TAN D C, VO T D, et al. Newly developed stepwise electroless deposition enables a remarkably facile synthesis of highly active and stable amorphous Pd nanoparticle electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction[J]. J Am Chem Soc, 2014, 136(14):5217-5220. [14] SAHOO L, GAUTAM U K. Boosting bifunctional oxygen reduction and methanol oxidation electrocatalytic activity with 2D superlattice-forming Pd nanocubes generated by precise acid etching[J]. ACS Appl Nano Mater, 2020, 3:8117-8125. [15] ARROYO-RAMÍREZ L, RODRÍGUEZ D, OTAN(~overN)O W, et al. Palladium nanoshell catalysts synthesis on highly ordered pyrolytic graphite for oxygen reduction reaction[J]. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2012, 4:2018-2024. [16] YU H, ZHOU T, WANG Z, et al. Defect-rich porous palladium metallene for enhanced alkaline oxygen reduction electrocatalysis[J]. Angew Chem(International Ed in English), 2021, 60(21):12027-12031. [17] HUANG L, ZHENG X, GAO G, et al. Interfacial electron engineering of palladium and molybdenum carbide for highly efficient oxygen reduction[J]. J Am Chem Soc, 2021, 143(18):6933-6941. [18] ERIKSON H, SARAPUU A, TAMMEVESKI K, et al. Enhanced electrocatalytic activity of cubic Pd nanoparticles towards the oxygen reduction reaction in acid media[J]. Electrochem Commun, 2011, 13:734-737. [19] KIGUCHI F, NAKAMURA M, HOSHI N. Cation effects on ORR activity on low-index planes of Pd in alkaline solution[J]. Electrochemistry, 2021,89(2):192-196. [20] ZUO Y, RAO D, LI S, et al. Atomic vacancies control of Pd-based catalysts for enhanced electrochemical performance[J]. Adv Mater, 2018, 30:1704171. [21] ZHENG Y, ZHAO S, LIU S, et al. Component-controlled synthesis and assembly of Cu-Pd nanocrystals on graphene for oxygen reduction reaction[J]. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2015, 7:5347-5357. [22] YIN H, LIU S, ZHANG C, et al. Well-coupled graphene and Pd-based bimetallic nanocrystals nanocomposites for electrocatalytic oxygen reduction reaction[J]. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2014, 6:2086-2094. [23] LIU S, ZHANG Q, LI Y, et al. Five-fold twinned Pd2NiAg nanocrystals with increased surface Ni site availability to improve oxygen reduction activity[J]. J Am Chem Soc, 2015, 137:2820-2823. [24] BAMPOS G, SYGELLOU L, BEBELIS S. Oxygen reduction reaction activity of Pd-based bimetallic electrocatalysts in alkaline medium[J]. Catal Today, 2020, 355:685-697. [25] LU Y, JIANG Y, GAO X, et al. Strongly coupled Pd nanotetrahedron/tungsten oxide nanosheet hybrids with enhanced catalytic activity and stability as oxygen reduction electrocatalysts[J]. J Am Chem Soc, 2014, 136:11687-11697. [26] HE C, TAO J, SHEN P K. Solid synthesis of ultrathin palladium and its alloys nanosheets on RGO with high catalytic activity for oxygen reduction reaction[J]. ACS Catal, 2018, 8:910-919. [27] KOENIGSMANN C, SANTULLI A C, SUTTER E, et al. Ambient surfactantless synthesis, growth mechanism, and size-dependent electrocatalytic behavior of high-quality, single crystalline palladium nanowires[J]. ACS Nano, 2011, 5(9):7471-7487. [28] WANG M, ZHANG W, WANG J, et al. PdNi hollow nanoparticles for improved electrocatalytic oxygen reduction in alkaline environments[J]. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2013, 5(23):12708-12715. [29] SHAO M, ODELL J, HUMBERT M, et al. Electrocatalysis on shape-controlled palladium nanocrystals: oxygen reduction reaction and formic acid oxidation[J]. J Phys Chem C, 2013, 117:4172-4180. [30] LIANG J, MA F, HWANG S, et al. Atomic arrangement engineering of metallic nanocrystals for energy-conversion electrocatalysis[J]. Joule, 2019, 3:956-991. [31] ZHANG Y, HUANG B, LUO G, et al. Atomically deviated Pd-Te nanoplates boost methanol-tolerant fuel cells[J]. Sci Adv, 2020, 6(31):eaba9731. [32] KUMAR S M S, HERRERO J S, IRUSTA S, et al. The effect of pretreatment of Vulcan XC-72R carbon on morphology and electrochemical oxygen reduction kinetics of supported Pd nano-particle in acidic electrolyte[J]. J Electroanal Chem, 2010, 647:211-221. [33] LÜSI M, ERIKSON H, MERISALU M, et al. Electrochemical reduction of oxygen in alkaline solution on Pd/C catalysts prepared by electrodeposition on various carbon nanomaterials[J]. J Electroanal Chem, 2019, 834:223-232. [34] ZHANG C, YU S, XIE Y, et al. Suppressing the Pd-C interaction through B-doping for highly efficient oxygen reduction[J]. Carbon, 2019, 149:370-379. [35] HUANG S, LU S, HU H, et al. Hyper-dendritic PdZn nanocrystals as highly stable and efficient bifunctional electrocatalysts towards oxygen reduction and ethanol oxidation[J]. Chem Eng J, 2021, 420:130503. [36] CHEN D, LI C, LIU H, et al. Core-shell Au@Pd nanoparticles with enhanced catalytic activity for oxygen reduction reaction via core-shell Au@Ag/Pd constructions[J]. Sci Rep, 2015, 5:11949. [37] SEKOL R C, LI X, COHEN P, et al. Silver palladium core-shell electrocatalyst supported on MWNTs for ORR in alkaline media[J]. Appl Catal B: Environ, 2013, 138:285-293. [38] SON J, CHO S, LEE C, et al. Spongelike nanoporous Pd and Pd/Au structures: facile synthesis and enhanced electrocatalytic activity[J]. Langmuir, 2014, 30(12):3579-3588. [39] XU C, LIU Y, HAO Q, et al. Nanoporous PdNi alloys as highly active and methanol-tolerant electrocatalysts towards oxygen reduction reaction[J]. J Mater Chem A, 2013, 1(43):13542-13548. [40] XIE Y, LI C, CASTILLO E, et al. Nanoporous Pd-Cu thin films as highly active and durable catalysts for oxygen reduction in alkaline media[J]. Electrochim Acta, 2021, 385:138306. [41] LYU Z, ZHANG X G, WANG Y C, et al. Amplified interfacial effect in an atomically dispersed RuOx-on-Pd 2D inverse nanocatalyst for high-performance oxygen reduction[J]. Angew Chem(International Ed in English), 2021, 60:16093-16100. [42] ZHENG J-N, LI S-S, MA X.Green synthesis of core-shell gold-palladium@palladium nanocrystals dispersed on graphene with enhanced catalytic activity toward oxygen reduction and methanol oxidation in alkaline media[J]. J Power Sources, 2014, 262:270-278. [43] HAN B, XU C. Nanoporous PdFe alloy as highly active and durable electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction reaction[J]. Int J Hydrogen Energy, 2014, 39:18247-18255. [44] GONG M, SHEN T, DENG Z, et al. Surface engineering of PdFe ordered intermetallics for efficient oxygen reduction electrocatalysis[J]. Chem Eng J, 2021, 408:127297. [45] JIANG G, ZHU H, ZHANG X, et al. Core-shell face-centered tetragonal FePd/Pd nanoparticles as an efficient non-Pt catalyst for the oxygen reduction reaction[J]. ACS Nano, 2015, 9(11):11014-11022. [46] SHAO M H, SASAKI K, ADZIC R R. Pd-Fe nanoparticles as electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction[J]. J Am Chem Soc, 2006, 128(11):3526-3527. [47] ZHANG Z, LIU S, TIAN X, et al. Facile synthesis of N-doped porous carbon encapsulated bimetallic PdCo as a highly active and durable electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction and ethanol oxidation[J]. J Mater Chem A, 2017, 5:10876-10884. [48] LI H C, ZHANG Y J, HU X, et al. Metal-organic framework templated Pd@PdO-Co3O4 nanocubes as an efficient bifunctional oxygen electrocatalyst[J]. Adv Energy Mater, 2018, 8:1702734. [49] XU C, LIU Y, HAO Q, et al. Nanoporous PdNi alloys as highly active and methanol-tolerant electrocatalysts towards oxygen reduction reaction[J]. J Mater Chem A, 2013, 1:13542-13548. [50] CHEN L, GUO H, FUJITA T, et al. Nanoporous PdNi bimetallic catalyst with enhanced electrocatalytic performances for electro-oxidation and oxygen reduction reactions[J]. Adv Funct Mater, 2011, 21:4364-4370. [51] LIU H, KOENIGSMANN C, ADZIC R R, et al. Probing ultrathin one-dimensional Pd-Ni nanostructures as oxygen reduction reaction catalysts[J]. ACS Catal, 2014, 4:2544-2555. [52] KARIUKI N N, WANG X, MAWDSLEY J R, et al. Colloidal synthesis and characterization of carbon-supported Pd-Cu nanoparticle oxygen reduction electrocatalysts[J]. Chem Mater, 2010, 22:4144-4152. [53] CHEN D, SUN P, LIU H, et al. Bimetallic Cu-Pd alloy multipods and their highly electrocatalytic performance for formic acid oxidation and oxygen reduction[J]. J Mater Chem A, 2017, 5:4421-4429. [54] TANG W, ZHANG L, HENKELMAN G. Catalytic activity of Pd/Cu random alloy nanoparticles for oxygen reduction[J]. J Phys Chem Lett, 2011, 2(11):1328-1331. [55] JIANG K, WANG P, GUO S, et al. Ordered PdCu-based nanoparticles as bifunctional oxygen-reduction and ethanol-oxidation electrocatalysts[J]. Angew Chem(International Ed in English), 2016, 55(31):9030-9035. [56] XIA Z, AN L, CHEN P, et al. Non-Pt nanostructured catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction: synthesis, catalytic activity and its key factors[J]. Adv Energy Mater, 2016, 6(17):1600458. [57] SARKAR A, MURUGAN A V, MANTHIRAM A. Synthesis and characterization of nanostructured Pd-Mo electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction in fuel cells[J]. J Phys Chem C, 2008, 112:12037-12043. [58] RAO C V, VISWANATHAN B. Carbon supported Pd-Co-Mo alloy as an alternative to Pt for oxygen reduction in direct ethanol fuel cells[J]. Electrochim Acta, 2010, 55:3002-3007. [59] CHAO G, ZHANG L, TIAN J, et al. Pd-SnO2 heterojunction catalysts anchored on graphene sheets for enhanced oxygen reduction[J]. Compos Commun, 2021, 25:100703. [60] FU G T, LIU Z Y, CHEN Y, et al. Synthesis and electrocatalytic activity of Au@Pd core-shell nanothorns for the oxygen reduction reaction[J]. Nano Res, 2014, 7(8):1205-1214. [61] WANG D, LIU S, WANG J, et al. Spontaneous incorporation of gold in palladium-based ternary nanoparticles makes durable electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction[J]. Nat Commun, 2016, 7:11941. [62] LV J J, LI S S, WANG A J, et al. Monodisperse Au-Pd bimetallic alloyed nanoparticles supported on reduced graphene oxide with enhanced electrocatalytic activity towards oxygen reduction reaction[J]. Electrochim Acta, 2014, 136:521-528. [63] BETANCOURT L E, ROJAS-PEREZ A, OROZCO I, et al. Enhancing ORR performance of bimetallic PdAg electrocatalysts by designing interactions between Pd and Ag[J]. ACS Appl Energy Mater, 2020, 3:2342-2349. [64] LUO W B, GAO X W, CHOU S L, et al. Porous AgPd-Pd composite nanotubes as highly efficient electrocatalysts for lithium-oxygen batteries[J]. Adv Mater, 2015, 27:6862-6869. [65] SLANAC D A, HARDIN W G, JOHNSTON K P, et al. Atomic ensemble and electronic effects in Ag-rich AgPd nanoalloy catalysts for oxygen reduction in alkaline media[J]. J Am Chem Soc, 2012, 134(23):9812-9819. [66] SNEED B T, BRODSKY C N, KUO C H, et al. Nanoscale-phase-separated Pd-Rh boxes synthesized via metal migration: an archetype for studying lattice strain and composition effects in electrocatalysis[J]. J Am Chem Soc, 2013, 135:14691-14700. [67] YANG T, MA Y, HUANG Q, et al. Palladium-iridium nanowires for enhancement of electro-catalytic activity towards oxygen reduction reaction[J]. Electrochem Commun, 2015, 59:95-99. [68] HAM H C, MANOGARAN D, LEE K H, et al. Communication: enhanced oxygen reduction reaction and its underlying mechanism in Pd-Ir-Co trimetallic alloys[J]. J Chem Phys, 2013, 139:201104. [69] SEO M H, CHOI S M, SEO J K, et al. The graphene-supported palladium and palladium-yttrium nanoparticles for the oxygen reduction and ethanol oxidation reactions: experimental measurement and computational validation[J]. Appl Catal B: Environ, 2013, 129:163-171. [70] LIU Q, KANG Q, WANG Z, et al. One-pot synthesis of mesoporous palladium/C nanodendrites as high-performance oxygen reduction eletrocatalysts through a facile dual surface protecting agent-assisted strategy[J]. Dalton T, 2021, 50(18):6297-6305. [71] GUO R, ZHANG K, LIU Y, et al. Hydrothermal synthesis of palladium nitrides as robust multifunctional electrocatalysts for fuel cells[J]. J Mater Chem A, 2021, 9:6196-6204. [72] XING S Q, HE M M, LV G, et al. Palladium phosphide nanoparticles embedded in 3D N, P co-doped carbon film for high-efficiency oxygen reduction[J]. J Mater Sci, 2021, 56(17):10523-10536. [73] SALOMÉ S, OLIVEIRA M C, FERRARIA A M, et al. Synthesis and testing of new carbon-supported PdP catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction in polymer electrolyte fuel cells[J]. J Electroanal Chem, 2015, 754:8-21. [74] WANG X, VARA M, LUO M, et al. Pd@Pt core-shell concave decahedra: a class of catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction with enhanced activity and durability[J]. J Am Chem Soc, 2015, 137(47):15036-15042. [75] XIAO W, CORDEIRO M A L, GAO G, et al. Atomic rearrangement from disordered to ordered Pd-Fe nanocatalysts with trace amount of Pt decoration for efficient electrocatalysis[J]. Nano Energy, 2018, 50:70-78. [76] PIRES F I, VILLULLAS H M. Pd-based catalysts: influence of the second metal on their stability and oxygen reduction activity[J]. Int J Hydrogen Energy, 2012, 37:17052-17059. [77] NEERGAT M, GUNASEKAR V, RAHUL R. Carbon-supported Pd-Fe electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)and their methanol tolerance[J]. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 2011, 658:25-32. [78] KANG Y S, CHOI K H, AHN D, et al. Effect of post heat-treatment of composition-controlled PdFe nanoparticles for oxygen reduction reaction[J]. J Power Sources, 2016, 303:234-242. [79] MAITI K, BALAMURUGAN J, PEERA S G, et al. Highly active and durable core-shell fct-PdFe@Pd nanoparticles encapsulated NG as an efficient catalyst for oxygen reduction reaction[J]. ACS Appl Materials Interfaces, 2018, 10(22):18734-18745. [80] SON D N, LE O K, CHIHAIA V, et al. Effects of Co content in Pd-skin/PdCo alloys for oxygen reduction reaction: density functional theory predictions[J]. J Phys Chem C, 2015, 119:24364-24372. [81] WANG D, XIN H L, WANG H, et al. Facile synthesis of carbon-supported Pd-Co core-shell nanoparticles as oxygen reduction electrocatalysts and their enhanced activity and stability with monolayer Pt decoration[J]. Chem Mater, 2012, 24(12):2274-2281. [82] LIU H, MANTHIRAM A. Controlled synthesis and characterization of carbon-supported Pd4Co nanoalloy electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction in fuel cells[J]. Energ Environ Science, 2009, 2:124-132. [83] WEI Y C, LIU C W, LEE H W, et al. Synergistic effect of Co alloying and surface oxidation on oxygen reduction reaction performance for the Pd electrocatalysts[J]. Int J Hydrogen Energy, 2011, 36:3789-3802. [84] ZHAO J, SARKAR A, MANTHIRAM A. Synthesis and characterization of Pd-Ni nanoalloy electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction in fuel cells[J]. Electrochimi Acta, 2010, 55:1756-1765. [85] BHALOTHIA D, CHEN P C, YAN C, et al. Heterogeneous NiO2-to-Pd epitaxial structure performs outstanding oxygen reduction reaction activity[J]. J Phys Chem C, 2019, 124:2295-2306. [86] FENG Y, SHAO Q, JI Y, et al. Surface-modulated palladium-nickel icosahedra as high-performance non-platinum oxygen reduction electrocatalysts[J]. Sci Adv, 2018, 4(7):eaap8817. [87] MA M, ZHU W, SHAO Q, et al. Palladium-copper bimetallic nanoparticles loaded on carbon black for oxygen reduction and zinc-air batteries[J]. ACS Appl Nano Mater, 2021, 4(2):1478-1484. [88] WU J, SHAN S, LUO J, et al. PdCu nanoalloy electrocatalysts in oxygen reduction reaction: role of composition and phase state in catalytic synergy[J]. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2015, 7(46):25906-25913. [89] XIE H, CHEN S, LIANG J, et al. Weakening intermediate bindings on CuPd/Pd core/shell nanoparticles to achieve Pt-like bifunctional activity for hydrogen evolution and oxygen reduction reactions[J]. Adv Funct Mater, 2021,31:2100883. [90] YU F, ZHOU W, BELLABARBA R M, et al. One-step synthesis and shape-control of CuPd nanowire networks[J]. Nanoscale, 2014, 6:1093-1098. [91] ZHENG Y, ZHAO S, LIU S, et al. Component-controlled synthesis and assembly of Cu-Pd nanocrystals on graphene for oxygen reduction reaction[J]. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2015, 7(9):5347-5357. [92] GUO J, GAO L, TAN X, et al. Template-directed rapid synthesis of Pd-based ultrathin porous intermetallic nanosheets for efficient oxygen reduction[J]. Angew Chem(International Ed in English), 2021, 60:10942-10949. [93] TANG C, ZHANG N, JI Y, et al. Fully tensile strained Pd3Pb/Pd tetragonal nanosheets enhance oxygen reduction catalysis[J]. Nano Lett, 2019, 19(2):1336-1342. [94] WANG Y, SUN D, WANG M, et al. Oxygen reduction electrocatalysis on ordered intermetallic Pd-Bi electrodes is enhanced by a low coverage of spectator species[J]. J Phys Chem C, 2020, 124:5220-5224. [95] LI Z, LI J, JIANG K, et al. PdCoNi alloy nanoparticles decorated, nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes for highly active and durable oxygen reduction electrocatalysis[J]. Chem Eng J, 2021, 411:128527. [96] WANG C, QU T, WANG D, et al. Synthesis of Co-Fe-Pd nanoparticles via ultrasonic irradiation and their electro-catalytic activity for oxygen reduction reaction[J]. Appl Catal A: Gen, 2018, 560:103-110. [97] LI C, YUAN Q, NI B, et al. Dendritic defect-rich palladium-copper-cobalt nanoalloys as robust multifunctional non-platinum electrocatalysts for fuel cells[J]. Nat Commun, 2018, 9(1):3702. [98] MONDAL S, RAJ C R. Electrochemical dealloying-assisted surface-engineered Pd-based bifunctional electrocatalyst for formic acid oxidation and oxygen reduction[J]. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2019, 11:14110-14119. [99] BETANCOURT L E, ROJAS-PEREZ A, OROZCO I, et al. Enhancing ORR performance of bimetallic PdAg electrocatalysts by designing interactions between Pd and Ag[J]. ACS Appl Energy Mater, 2020, 3:2342-2349. [100] SHIM J H, KIM J, LEE C, et al. Porous Pd layer-coated Au nanoparticles supported on carbon: synthesis and electrocatalytic activity for oxygen reduction in acid media[J]. Chem Mater, 2011, 23:4694-4700. [101] QI Y, WU J, ZHANG H, et al. Facile synthesis of Rh-Pd alloy nanodendrites as highly active and durable electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction[J]. Nanoscale, 2014, 6(12):7012-7018. [102] HUANG X, SHUMSKI A J, ZHANG X, et al. Systematic control of redox properties and oxygen reduction reactivity through colloidal ligand-exchange deposition of Pd on Au[J]. J Am Chem Soc, 2018, 140(28):8918-8923. [103] CHEN D, LI J, CUI P, et al. Gold-catalyzed formation of core-shell gold-palladium nanoparticles with palladium shells up to three atomic layers[J]. J Mater Chem A, 2016, 4:3813-3821. [104] ZAMORA ZELEDÓN J A, STEVENS M B, GUNASOORIYA G T K K, et al. Tuning the electronic structure of Ag-Pd alloys to enhance performance for alkaline oxygen reduction[J]. Nat Commun, 2021, 12(1):620. [105] JIANG L, HSU A, CHU D, et al. A highly active Pd coated Ag electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction reactions in alkaline media[J]. Electrochim Acta, 2010, 55:4506-4511. [106] CHAN C W, MAHADI A H, LI M M, et al. Interstitial modification of palladium nanoparticles with boron atoms as a green catalyst for selective hydrogenation[J]. Nat Commun, 2014, 5(1):1-10. [107] YOO J S, ZHAO Z J, NØRSKOV J K, et al. Effect of boron modifications of palladium catalysts for the production of hydrogen from formic acid[J]. ACS Catal, 2015, 5:6579-6586. [108] WANG J Y, KANG Y Y, YANG H, et al. Boron-doped palladium nanoparticles on carbon black as a superior catalyst for formic acid electro-oxidation[J]. J Phys Chem C, 2009, 113:8366-8372. [109] LI J, CHEN J, WANG Q, et al. Controllable increase of boron content in B-Pd interstitial nanoalloy to boost the oxygen reduction activity of palladium[J]. Chem Mater, 2017, 29:10060-10067. |
| [1] | 封振宇,蒋贺纯. 球磨纳米碳酸钙去除水中铅离子的吸附机理[J]. 《山东大学学报(理学版)》, 2019, 54(1): 19-25, 35. |
| [2] | 杨军. 金属基纳米材料表征和纳米结构调控[J]. 山东大学学报（理学版）, 2013, 48(1): 1-22. |
| [3] | 丁轶1,2. 纳米多孔金属:一种新型能源纳米材料[J]. J4, 2011, 46(10): 121-133. |
| [4] | 李善评,付 敬,胡 振 . 稀土Y改性Ti／Sb2O5-SnO2电催化电极的制备及表征[J]. J4, 2008, 43(9): 22-26 . |
| [5] | 黄善兴,秦宏伟,刘 杏,张 瑞,胡季帆,蒋民华 . Nd1-xZnxFeO3纳米材料的甲烷气体气敏性研究[J]. J4, 2007, 42(3): 36-39 . |
|
